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The critical aspect to this conjugation is to maintain the stability of the conjugated ligands during the adverse environment presented by the physiological environment, and various approaches have been undertaken to achieve it [32]. B Biointerfaces 111, 117123 (2013), S. Aryal, C.-M.J. Hu, L. Zhang, Polymercisplatin conjugate nanoparticles for acid-responsive drug delivery. Mock et al., Evidence for distinct mechanisms of uptake and antitumor activity of secretory phospholipase A2 responsive liposome in prostate cancer. Acta Biomater. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Nanotechnol. The nanoformulation exhibited a high rate of apoptosis against human liver cells and stronger anti-angiogenic effects together with inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation [272]. 1. Interfaces 7(32), 1817918187 (2015), L. Xiong et al., Cancer-cell-specific nuclear-targeted drug delivery by dual-ligand-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Mater. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 8a for delivering temozolomide and siRNA to overcome the drawbacks of acquired resistance of glioma cells and restriction of bloodbrain-barrier (BBB) for drug delivery. B Biol. Sci. 12, 446452 (2018), C. Chen et al., pH-responsive nanoreservoirs based on hyaluronic acid end-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. An official website of the United States government. 2015 Jun;93:52-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.018. 12, 67876797 (2017), S.-B. Patil et al., Single-step surface functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Sci. Colloids Surf. 21(1), 185191 (2013), W.A. Kim et al., Co-eradication of breast cancer cells and cancer stem cells by cross-linked multilamellar liposomes enhances tumor treatment. The in vivo antitumor studies suggested that the tumor volume drastically reduced in mice in the presence of magnetic nanocarrier, magnet and laser. 6(4), 10921099 (2009), D. Wang et al., Multi-layered tumor-targeting photothermal-doxorubicin releasing nanotubes eradicate tumors in vivo with negligible systemic toxicity. New opportunities for nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. 8(3), 602616 (2018), M. Wei et al., Lactoferrin-modified PEGylated liposomes loaded with doxorubicin for targeting delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma. 2020 Dec 15;591:119986. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119986. Nat. Further, as illustrated in Fig. J. Nanomed. 2020 Aug 20;7:193. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00193. Natl. 2018 Feb 1;125:1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.014. Rev. Therefore, synthesis and characterization of the nanomaterials for drug delivery need to be carefully performed to avoid the potential unwanted toxicity of nanocarriers to healthy cells [23]. 45(6), 10821091 (2017), Z. Muhammad et al., PEG capped methotrexate silver nanoparticles for efficient anticancer activity and biocompatibility. Similar to Au nanoparticles,silver (Ag) nanoparticles havealso been demonstrated to be used as anticancer agents for the treatment of multiple types of cancer [144,145,146,147]. In this section, multiple nanocarriers have been discussed including liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles. Nanotechnology holds enormous potential for overcoming many of the problems associated with conventional methods, faces difficulties in the detection, treatment, and diagnosis of cancer . Biochim. PLoS ONE 12(8), e0181944e0181944 (2017), R.M. Polym. Commun. Nanoscale 10(18), 85368546 (2018), N. Singh, A. Sachdev, P. Gopinath, Polysaccharide functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes as nanocarriers for delivery of curcumin in lung cancer cells. C 89, 307315 (2018), C. Huang et al., Amphiphilic prodrug-decorated graphene oxide as a multi-functional drug delivery system for efficient cancer therapy. Chem. These targeted magnetic nanosystems could also be used in photothermal therapy, wherein, their specific localization in tumor sites can be used to induce a local thermal ablation of the tumor sites upon passing alternating magnetic field (AMF). Cancer Res. ACS Nano 12(4), 37143725 (2018), M.A. 132(3), 10181022 (2010), P. Ghosh et al., Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications. Mater. Soc. The results demonstrated that these iron oxide nanoparticles are effectively internalized by human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Comparative value of these approaches depends . Nagesh et al., PSMA targeted docetaxel-loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for prostate cancer. Tamoxifen and imatinib mesylate were released in controlled manner from the temperature sensitive liposomes prepared using a combination of phospholipids with a transition temperature near to 39C. This accumulation of the drug at the tumor sites is a passive process, and it requires prolonged circulation of the drug for appropriate drug delivery. Rep. 6, 28983 (2016), J. Nie, Y. Wang, W. Wang, In vitro and in vivo evaluation of stimuli-responsive vesicle from PEGylated hyperbranched PAMAM-doxorubicin conjugate for gastric cancer therapy. Choi et al., Mechanism of active targeting in solid tumors with transferrin-containing gold nanoparticles. There are different classes of liposomes used as drug delivery platforms for enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapeutics [232]. 58, 349364 (2017), Y. Peng et al., Codelivery of temozolomide and siRNA with polymeric nanocarrier for effective glioma treatment. 12(1), 320 (2018), S.-I. Privacy These features have led many researchers to load cargos on to mesoporous silica nanomaterials for transporting them to the tumor tissues [218,219,220]. This complexity allows a prompt reaction to the high concentration of stimuli, but not to low concentrations, achieving controlled specificity [65]. Most cognate substrates for nanoparticles bound ligands are present in the extravascular space of tumor outside of the blood vessels epithelial lining. Sensors (Basel). volume6, Articlenumber:23 (2019) Further, they measured the localization and internalization of these nanoparticles using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exploiting IONPs properties as contrast agents. Ther. The effectiveness of anticancer drug treatment can be achieved only when the administered drug is of proper dosage and display maximal activity in the cancer cells. J. Sci. Cyclodextrin-Based Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. ACS Nano 1(1), 5056 (2007), R.P.
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