Brace and World, 1970), Brennan, M. E. Medical characteristics of children supervised by the local authority social services department Policy and Polities 1(1973)3. 6.62 In a series of studies over 2 decades, Pasamanick and his associates in the USA found associations between prematurity and birth complications and a subsequent history of cerebral palsy, epilepsy, mental deficiency, behaviour disorders, reading disabilities, strabismus, hearing disorders, and autism (see eg Pasamanick et al 1956: Pasamanick and Knobloch 1960). The artefact explanation does not throw light on these observed patterns of fatal disease incidence amongst younger men. Class. 6.49 The second condition responsible for much of the gradient in child mortality at ages 1-4 was accidents and violence of which, as Table 6.8 shows, accidents were the principal cause of death. In: Public Health and Society. tracy joseph . Gac Sanit. How is it to be explained? The study of 1,000 Newcastle families illustrates dramatically how repeated respiratory infections in the first 5 years, if inadequately treated, can lead to some degree of disability at age 15 (Miller, Court, Knox and Brandon, 1974: pp 94-128). The most obvious starting point in the search for relevant causal relationships within a materialist perspective is the division between manual and non-manual occupations. Exploitation, poverty and disease have virtually become synonymous for describing conditions of life in the urban slums of Victorian and Edwardian cities, as they are today for the shanty towns of the underdeveloped world. (1960), Douglas, J. W. B. ISBN 0714683108. He suggests the existence of a vicious cycle of nutritional deprivation which leads to low birth weight and congenital malformation. Relatively few data about personal health can be related even to occupation and fewer still to income and to wealth. From Black to Acheson: two decades of concern with inequalities in McKeown, T. (1979) The Role of Medicine. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 8600 Rockville Pike https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-3744-5_3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-3744-5_3, eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0). Eichenwald and Fry (1969), amongst others, have related nutrition to learning. J. Prev. (2003). 6.63 Birch and Gussow (1970), reviewing numerous studies from many countries, conclude that whilst a good postnatal environment can compensate for the perinatal stress associated with prematurity, an environment which is not satisfactory can represent a cumulative hazard. Evidence for the relevance of the former was the six-fold excess of disease in children with both parents having CNSLD compared to those with only one. Before It may thus be that much of the class gradient in morbidity (if not mortality) from respiratory disease can be explained in terms of parental smoking (ie secondary inhalation of smoke) and size of family (and the likelihood of infection by siblings). In a national survey carried out in 1968 the latter worked fewer hours, had larger employer welfare benefits in kind and longer holidays, had larger capital assets, were more likely to be owner occupiers and had fewer dependents. London: HMSO. The twentieth century has witnessed a dramatic decline in the rate of infectious disease, as well as the introduction of powerful therapies for its treatment. 248. Sociology of Health and Illness, 20, 5, 56377. But inequalities in health at the end of the lifetime also emanate from the distribution of rewards associated with the social division of labour. Diseases of the Child 91 (1956) 113, Pasamanick, B. and H Knobloch Brain damage and reproductive causality Am. Except where explicitly stated, these articles should not be taken as official statements of policy on such matters. would indicate one latent factor, Black Cultural Strength. The BlackRock is one of the leading firms in its . (1901) Poverty: a Study of Town Life. Why is this so? 6.3 At the most fundamental level, theoretical explanations of the relationship between health and inequality might be roughly divided into 4 categories:-. While age and parity exert an important influence on the risk of all stillbirths, the significance of these variables is much more evident among the wives of semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers. The Black report (1980) found that the gap between the lower and upper class for inequalities in health was widening. Reliable. strengths and weaknesses of the black report 1980 6.2 There are a number of approaches to explanation of the relationship between social class and health, or at least some aspect of it, in the present day. Medicine and Biology, Paris, 1974), Rainwater, L. The lower class: health, illness and medical inEtitUtiOflB in II PeVrischer and E. J. Thompson (eds) Among the People; Encounter with the Poor ^N. Able to work independently. Class I produces a relatively large number of 4 and 5 child families. These tendencies feed into the processes of generating statistical, rates, making it rather more difficult, for example, to compute class based rates of mortality. Bookshelf Med. Illsley concluded that social class differences in infant mortality had a physical component: higher class men appeared to be recruiting as wives the most efficient child-bearing women. 10 Examples of Strengths and Weaknesses for Job Interviews 6.82 Can this demographic coincidence help us to understand the underlying cause of the health inequalities that have been observed among adult men and women? Such explanations, when applied to modern industrial societies, often focus on the individual as a unit of analysis emphasising unthinking, reckless or irresponsible behaviour or incautious lifestyle as the moving determinant of health status (cf. Those factors would include knowledge, certain skills and resources in verbal communication and a high level of motivation to provide continuous and loving care. In childhood this may reasonably be interpreted in developmental terms, and it is relevant to consider finally research evidence relating to physical, behavioural and cognitive development in children. When some or even many of these are absent, then the outlook is less propitious. i. artefact explanations; Today death rates for all age groups in, Britain are a fraction of what they were a century ago and many of the virulent infectious diseases have largely disappeared, (cf Morris 1975; OPCS 1978), and the killer diseases of modern society accidents, cancer and heart disease seem less obviously linked to poverty. Apart from the variables most readily associated with socioeconomic position, income, savings, property and housing, there are many other dimensions of social class which can be expected to exert an active causal influence on health status.
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